Although light has a much stronger effect on circadian rhythm, recognition of current time using clocks might also be considered a key factor for maintaining good mental health in people with dementia. In addition, circadian rhythm disruptions might also be a potential risk factor for developing dementia. A clock is one of the most important items for people with delirium to mitigate their symptoms. Particularly, circadian rhythm disruptions are common in older people and are more severe in people with dementia. If a person lives without clocks, their circadian rhythm can be disrupted, and this can result in various kinds of mental problems. Recognition of current time is one of the most important cognitive skills for human life. We consider this question crucial because of the importance of clock time orientation and understanding in maintaining normal daily life in modern contexts. However, although particular clock designs are often recommended, there is little systematic research on the relative merits of different types of clocks, specifically the choice of analogue or digital clocks. Recently, various types of dementia-friendly designs have been proposed, in areas including bedrooms, bathrooms, toilets, lounges, entrances, gardens, and public places. In contrast, environment designed for people with cognitive decline has not yet been fully implemented. In current societies, environments designed for people with physical decline, such as step-free access and availability of elevators, are already widespread. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reduce the impact of cognitive decline due to both ageing and dementia on daily life. Population ageing is one of the most critical global social challenges, and as a consequence of ageing, the number of people with dementia across the world is reportedly over 50 million in 2019 and will increase to 152 million by 2050. While our finding was a general tendency, and individual assessment is necessary, it might help the development of personalized environmental adjustments. Compared to the digital clock, reading analogue clocks might require more widespread cognition, such as working memory and visuospatial processing. Conclusions: In the present study, the digital clock was friendlier than the analogue clock for patients with dementia. Multivariate analysis revealed reading ability of the analogue clock was significantly associated with MMSE calculation and clock drawing test ( p = 0.009 and 0.040, respectively). Results: The analogue clock proved less readable than the digital clock, even after adjusting for MMSE total score ( p = 0.003). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to detect significant factors associated with reading ability specific to analogue clocks. Additionally, to assess specific ability to read analogue clocks, an “analogue-digital gap” was defined as the difference between patients’ performance for analogue and digital clocks. The result of the test was compared between analogue and digital clocks. Fifty-five participants who had done the test were identified. In the present study, a retrospective medical record survey was conducted. Methods: In clinical practice, we normally use our original clock reading test (10 analogue and 10 digital clocks) to assess patients’ ability to read a clock. While various types of dementia-friendly environments have been proposed, the question still remains regarding whether analogue or digital clocks are friendlier for people with dementia. Background: In ageing population, it is desirable to reduce the impact of cognitive decline on daily life.
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